Since March 2009 the Securities and Exchange Commission says they are
still soliciting
comments and proposals concerning restoring "The uptick rule"
Sec.Gov
The uptick rule was instituted by the SEC following the Great Depression,
said that the short selling of stocks could be done only after the share
price ticked higher above the prior sale. The rule was designed as a
guardrail to prevent short sellers from driving the price of a stock lower
at a faster clip.
In a short sale, an investor borrows a stock from a broker, sells it to
other investors, and tries to buy it back at a lower price before returning
it to the original lender. The difference in the transactions is kept as a
profit.
The SEC made the controversial decision to eliminate the uptick rule in June
2007 after its analysis showed it did little to prevent the manipulation of
share prices. Of course, many market participants point to the SEC's
decision as the catalyst that helped short sellers thrive in 2008.
March 3, 2007
Hedge funds gambling on highly leveraged bets in the markets
Investors in the yen “carry trade” have been badly wrong-footed by the leap in
the value of the Japanese currency, which rose yesterday to an 11-week high of 117 to the
dollar.
“Undoubtedly, there will have been significant pain suffered by a number of
players,” Adam Chester, the chief economist in the treasury department of HBOS, said.
Billions of dollars may have been lost by hedge funds and traders who have failed to cap
their exposure in any way – although precise estimates are impossible because of wide
variations in estimates of the size of the trade.
Hiroshi Watanabe, the leading Japanese financial diplomat, estimated conservatively this
week that the carry trade was worth between $80 billion (£41 billion) and $160 billion.
On that basis the yen’s steep rally since February 23 would have left carry-trading
speculators exposed to potential paper losses of $3.1 billion to $6.2 billion.
Some estimates of the trade go as high as $1 trillion, however, which
would magnify these potential losses. Hedge funds and proprietary traders in the big
investment banks routinely conduct carry trades, borrowing cheaply in Japan, converting to
other currencies and investing the proceeds in higher-yielding securities. Until recently,
the rush to conduct yen carry trades has helped to weaken further an already depressed
yen, boosting profits in a virtuous circle for hedge funds.
However, analysts say that this virtuous circle is in danger of turning into a vicious
one, with hedge funds rushing to unwind their positions, boosting a resurgent yen and
triggering further unwinding.
“The risk is there will be a further scramble to unwind positions,” Mr Chester
said. He gave warning that there was “some chance” of a bounce in the yen as
large as that of the autumn of 1998, when it surged from Y148 to the dollar to Y111.8,
triggering market turmoil and inflicting punishing losses on speculators.
One manager of a large London fund of hedge funds said: “With 8,500 to 9,000 hedge
funds in existence, undoubtedly some will have been hurt.”
While more prudent hedge funds may have used complex trading strategies and financial
instruments to insulate themselves against a sharp appreciation in the yen or an outbreak
of market volatility, the less conservative were probably heavily exposed. The Japanese
currency’s gains yesterday were fuelled as worries over US economic prospects hit the
dollar after figures showed that American consumers’ confidence had dropped to its
lowest in five months.
Amid a nervous climate among speculators who have staked billions on the carry trade, the
impact of any negative news for the dollar is being amplified. As any such news pushes the
dollar down, and adds to upward pressure on the yen, carry-trade speculators have greater
grounds to worry that the rising yen will undermine the profitability of their bets in the
markets and are encouraged to unwind these positions. Since that requires them to buy the
yen, the currency comes under yet more upward pressure.
At its low yesterday of Y116.75, the dollar was down about 3.9 per cent against the yen
over ten days and was on track for its biggest loss in about 14 months. The rise roughly
equates to the differential between Japanese borrowing rates and yields in other
jurisdictions, therefore having the potential to wipe out all gains. “We’re
seeing a continuation of the carry trade unwinding,” Alan Ruskin, of RBS Greenwich
Capital, said.
Attempts by officials to calm edgy markets did little to halt the appreciation of the yen.
Mr Watanabe insisted that there were no signs that traders were rushing en masse to bail
out of carry-trade positions.
“I don’t think there’s too much concern,” he said. “We don’t
have any sign of herding or bandwagoning this week. I don’t think that’s a
concern for me.”
Analysts said that the turbulence hitting carry trades could persist for some time. Ian
Stannard, the currency strategist at BNP Paribas, said: “The carry trade is still
very much under pressure and the yen is likely to continue to make gains. We are still in
the situation where asset market volatility is causing some concerns with regards to the
carry trade, and that’s leading to some upward pressure on the yen.”
Another fund-of-funds manager said: “The whole world was borrowing in yen. We were
living in cheap currency. Those who use leveraging quite a lot will be well caught.”
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Hedge funds routinely conduct
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